funds at Stock Research

Now I am trying to choose the market where I can try to speculate. I ask all my friends and many of them advise me to try to speculate at FOREX. Here I write the summarizing of all advices about the trade at FOREX.
You should be morally ready to probable losses of committed finances. All participants in gamble in market FOREX are divided on two big groups depending on that approach to FOREX which they profess.
 The first group - the people wishing fast to take the maximum profit on committed finances without essential time temporary, intellectual both financial expenses, and evaluating FOREX as something similar to game in a roulette in a casino.
The second group - the people suitable to FOREX as to the serious financial market, deeply studying the theory and ready to spend is a lot of time and efforts to learn correct work in this market, and with the course of time to start to earn essential and, the most important, stable profit. Thus it is necessary to understand that FOREX in this sense it is very flexible and gives a field of action both for those, and for others. The spectrum of probable results is very great. At successful coincidence of circumstances it is possible, not possessing even elements of the market to double an ownership capital for 1 day. On the other hand, for large financial institutions in the West comprehensible yield in this market is the level of 20-60% per annum on the invested capital. These are two poles in possible strategy in this market. The game approach allows earning fast lump sum, but sustains risk of instant loss of all funds and has no long prospect. The market approach allows earning at the certain persistence decent money with limited enough risks. And before entering the market you for it should define, to what of poles you will be closer during the work.
Define in advance, that you wish to receive from the market, for what term, with what expenses and risks. Depending on the selected strategy of game on FOREX you should define for yourselves that time with which you are ready to allocate for studying market FOREX. At desire quickly to earn it is enough to study one book in the size in 200-300 pages, containing substantive provisions and concepts of market FOREX, and to start the beginning of operations. Thus the probability of a prize will change about 50% and to tend to downturn at increase in quantity of operations. More serious approach demands initially studying of a maximum quantity of an available information for full understanding of all bases of the market, available tools and methods of the analysis and forecasting of the market which can raise quality of your trade. Unnecessarily in the trade to use all existing ways and methods of forecasting and the analysis, but their knowledge and skill to apply them will allow to develop as much as possible effective system of the trades without which successful long trade is simply impossible.
Find the greatest possible quantity of time for studying the theory before the beginning of practice. It is necessary to find also in the life any part of time directly for participation during trade. Quantity of spent time for acquaintance with the current information, forecasting of the market, the analysis of own results more often in direct ratio received profit. Rash operations seldom enough lead to notable positive results. And even the earned profit at absence of the analysis and systematization in work is quickly lost in next transactions. Thus, all again depends on time.
The major stage before decision-making on the beginning of real game in market FOREX is definition of the size of money resources which you are ready to risk for reception of profit. Any speculative market, and market FOREX in particular, is interfaced to risk of loss of the committed finances. Therefore never put in game more money, than you are ready to lose. Possible losses (from which are not insured even professionals) should not become for you a financial trouble. Do not play on extra funds or for last means postponed for “rainy day”. Market FOREX far not that place where it is possible quickly and without problems to increase greatly a seed capital. It or risky game for the people possessing free money and ready is painless for them to lose, or long and laborious work on purchase of the skills capable in the future to bring the essential income on the invested capital. Therefore primary you should are morally ready to loss of means and to define that sum of funds which loss will be rather painless for your budget. Probably, it also will not occur, but to realize such opportunity better in advance, than to receive financial both psychological impact and feeling of desperation after already it is impossible to correct anything.
After you all the same have made a decision on test of the forces in market FOREX, the major stage becomes a choice of the partner or, easier speaking, the broker through whom will pass your operations. Even at brilliant possession of the theory and practice of the market the certain moments in activity of the intermediary between you and the market can reduce “on there is no” all your efforts and even to serve as the reason of losses. Therefore, before to begin trade, it is necessary to spend the certain efforts to a choice of the good partner. For this purpose it is necessary to collect more information on brokers working in the market, on their financial conditions and reputations. Various brokers offer commissions differing from each other, spreads, percent and the software for trade. The size of the commission, a spread, speed and convenience of the program, and also quality of the offered information on the market can render huge influence on an end result of your work. However, attractive financial conditions by all means should be combined with good reputation and long for works in the market. Otherwise even the earned funds can be for ever lost because of untidiness of the broker that is not for today such unusual occurrence.
At a choice of the broker, besides acquaintance with financial operating conditions, it is necessary to familiarize and test by all means the software which becomes the tool for execution of your will in the market. Different brokers offer their own programs written in different languages and possessing a different degree of speed, reliability, convenience and a various tooling of the analysis. Practically all intermediaries suggest to take advantage of their programs in a demonstration mode, and some people by means of them and to participate in free-of-charge competitions with monetary prize-winning fund. It is desirable to try for comparison some similar intermediaries on offered conditions. Necessarily spend not less than month for game in a demonstration mode, combining it with studying the theory of the market, testing the received knowledge in practice. It will allow you not only to check up quality and convenience of the software, but also you to check up more and more time necessity of the introduction into game on real money. Quality of work of the program and the personnel of the intermediary in a demonstration mode in many speaks about what quality can receive final service, having opened the real account. Constantly analyze results of own work and quality of service. A unique major condition in a demo-game is that with virtual money you should try to address also carefully as with real. Frequently game in a demonstration mode can force you not only replace the prospective intermediary, but also in general to make a decision on undesirability of your participation in game in the financial markets. Far not each person is capable to work successfully in the financial markets: the clear intellect is necessary for this purpose, endurance, skill to risk still more many other individual qualities.
During demonstration trade try to define precisely those tools and information sources which you will use at decision-making on fulfillment of transactions. Also, even prior to the beginning of real trade, it is necessary to define tactics of fulfillment of transactions. As you will often open positions, how much long you will hold the open positions in what the moments will make transactions, as well as in what size you will limit possible losses under the transaction, what part of the capital will use at fulfillment of each separate transaction - all is questions, answers on which will render very essential influence on end results. Besides allocate from huge weight of sources of the information and indicators of the market for itself what, in your opinion, are reliable and correspond to chosen tactics. In language of professionals it refers to as development of own trading system. In fulfillment of financial operations the order and complexity is necessary. The intuition and feeling of the market, undoubtedly, are an important point in decision-making, but they should not be principal causes for fulfillment of the transaction at all. Having developed the certain system of trade, it is necessary to recede from it only in the extreme cases. It is necessary to analyze constantly results of own system, to bring corrective amendments and constantly to improve it. Chaotic trade is a direct way to loss of the committed finances.
Starting real trade, it is necessary to understand firmly, that game in a demonstration mode or as speak, “on a paper” very essentially differs from real game on “real” money. The difference is comparable to sensations of the same sportsmen on training and in the world championship. At real game each movement of a rate is expressed in quite concrete sum of your means, and it puts huge psychological pressure upon the person. Even quite successful players at the slightest failure can lose a head and ability to sober thinking and the analysis. But also excessive euphoria from the received prize can play with you a malicious jest.
Develop own system of successful trade and strictly follow it. Having chosen trading strategy and tactics, having developed own trading system, do not wait, that 100% of transactions become profitable. Any professional makes both profitable and unprofitable transactions. It is important, that the quantity and total result of profitable transactions exceeded the same parameters unprofitable. The best professionals approximately only in 70% of cases reach positive result under the transaction. The profit earns during the long period of time at the cost of excess of the size of the total income over losses. Therefore the individual unprofitable transaction should not upset and unsettle you. You only should analyze closely the reasons which have led to losses and to improve own system of trade in due course to achieve stable growth of results.

The American company International Business Machines Corp (IBM), the world’s largest provider of computer services, buys the developer of hardware FileNet Corp. for 1.6 billion dollars. Such data contain in the press release of company IBM published today. In recalculation on one stock IBM will pay for each securities FileNet on 35 dollars, that on 1% above cost of stocks of FileNet on results of closing of the trades in electronic system Nasdaq on the eve. The transaction will be carried out in carry-over funds.
The transaction still should be approved by shareholders of FileNet and adjusting bodies of the USA. End of the transaction is expected in 4th quarter of 2006.
American company FileNet develops corporate decisions for automation of document circulation and business processes.

Channel Islands Stock exchange (CISX/Exchange) has begun the activity in 1998 and renders services under the admission of securities to the trades (listing), and also on over-the-counter trading of securities. CISX/Exchange developed the accelerated rates, and for December, 31st, 2004 its market capitalization has made 28 billion US dollars.
For May, 31st, 2005 800 companies have passed procedure of listing. CISX/Exchange offers an individual approach and fast process of processing of applications on the admission of securities on the innovative and highly controllable market. CISX/Exchange specializes on following services:
- services of experts on carrying out of operations with securities (including the Eurobonds, the structured duty and guarantees);
- investment funds;
- primary and secondary listing of securities and the actions emitted by the companies of Channel Islands and the foreign companies;
- depositary receipts which are given out by Channel Islands.
CISX/Exchange has the site in the Internet where the detailed review of sponsors of listing and the securities quoted at a stock exchange is given. The market information and quotations of the prices, is published worldwide on the pages of agency Reuters devoted to the CISX/Exchange.
CISX/Exchange has a favorable mode of listing of those securities in which the limited number of the investors (well understanding questions of investments) trades.
With the introduction in July of the Instruction of EU on Market Frauds, heightened interest to the securities which are quoted on CISX/Exchange as Channel Islands are not a part of EU so, CISX/Exchange is not the market adjustable by the given Instruction is observed.
CISX/Exchange has competitive prices, an effective turn of documents with the purpose of consideration of applications within 48 hours, and also keeps work with emitters and sponsors of listing on a flexible and commercial basis. The similar attitude is reflected in all aspects of listing from requirements about disclosing the information before accommodation of methods of introduction of innovative structures.
Though CISX/Exchange is situated at the territory of the Europe, and time of carrying out of its trades coincides with London time, it is not adjusted EU.
CISX/Exchange has a plenty of official international recognitions, for example:
• It is adjusted by the Commission on granting Financial Services of Guernsey which is the participant of the International Organization of the Commissions under securities;
• Is the recognized stock exchange according to section 841 of the Law on the income and corporate tax of the United Kingdom from 1988, hence, the debt securities quoted on CISX/Exchange, can be considered as quoted Eurobonds for the purposes of the taxation in the United Kingdom, percent on which are paid up to a deduction of taxes;
• Management of Financial Services of the United Kingdom has approved activity CISX/Exchange as an investment stock exchange within the limits of the Law on Financial Services and the Markets from 2000;
• CISX/Exchange is a related member of the International Organization of the Commissions under securities;
• The stock exchange is recognized by the Commission under securities and stock exchanges of the USA as an offshore securities market according to the Rule 902 (c) of the Law on securities of 1933;
• It is officially recognized by the Australian Stock exchange;
• CISX/Exchange is registered in the World Federation on Stock exchanges as “the market which is meeting the requirements”;
• The stock exchange is a member of the European Forum on maintenance and financing of securities.
Applications on reception of the quotation on CISX/Exchange move through the sponsor who is the member of CISX. The given stock exchange provides accelerated “the equivalent approach” to process of applications on reception of the quotation of securities. It means that by consideration of the similar application documents on reception of the listing, prepared for jurisdiction or the stock exchange recognized CISX/Exchange provided that the information containing in documents of a similar sort, essentially did not change can be used. Process of applications on reception of the quotation has four stages.
1. The sponsor and the emitter prepare and hand over the initial application, including the project of the document on reception of the quotation. CISX/Exchange usually loyally approaches to consideration of documents if requirements about disclosing a special sort of the information are not observed owing to presence of circumstances from the emitter. For submission of applications on secondary listing already available documents on reception of the quotation in the primary market can be used. At the given stage all corresponding projects of powers of attorney on management of the property and other financial tools serving by maintenance of debt securities, or components of those also are a subject to check.
2. Check of applications (usually within 48 hours) is spent, and then the sponsor at the coordination with the emitter gives answers on emerged questions.
3. The sponsor submits a final variant of the application which considers Management of the Share Market.
4. After reception of approval of Management of the Share Market documents on reception of listing are registered, and securities are brought in the official list of quotations of a stock exchange. The official information of listing are published in the form of the official application, and process of fulfillment of the trades and commercial transactions begins.
To pass all four stages from the initial application before reception of listing it is possible for 10 days, though CISX/Exchange can accelerate this process, proceeding from commercial reasons.
The sponsor of listing promotes the emitter in preparation of all documents, submits them in CISX/Exchange and keeps in contact with CISX/Exchange concerning any inquiries which can act in connection with process of reception of the quotation.
A necessary condition for reception of listing is that the emitter carries out the obligations according to Rules of listing and other duties concerning given procedure. Besides observance of special Rules of listing, the emitter is obliged to inform the public, CISX/Exchange and holders of securities of the company on occurrence of any important data concerning the emitter, allowing the public and owners of securities correctly define a financial position of the emitter, to avoid creation of a false securities market, and also possible negative influence on activity of the market and cost of securities.
The further requirements include granting CISX/Exchange of spears of annual reports, audit or other financial reports of the emitter, and also disclosing CISX/Exchange of the information on any changes of the rights provided by debt securities of the emitter, quoted on a stock exchange. Emitters should hand over copies of the announcements containing the information on debt securities, included in listing, for check by Channel Islands Stock exchange before their publication.

Group of investors buys the company on delivery of food stuffs Aramark Corp. for 6.3 billion dollars. There is a chairman of board of directors and executive director of Aramark Joseph Njubauer in charge of group of investors that buy Aramark. The group includes also private investment companies GS Capital Partners, CCMP Capital Advisors, JPMorgan Partners, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Warburg Pincus LLC. Investors will incur also obligations on payment of duty Aramark for the sum 2 billion dollars.
On conditions of the transaction, shareholders of Aramark will receive 33.80 dollars for each stock Aramark that on 2.3 % exceeds cost of stocks of the company on results of closing of the New York stock exchange on the eve. The transaction will be carried out in carry-over funds.
For financing purchase investors will apply for reception of the loan. Board of directors of Aramark has approved the transaction and is ready to recommend accepting to shareholders Aramark conditions of the agreement. In case of approval of the transaction by shareholders and adjusting bodies of the USA, the transaction will come to the end in the end of 2006, or in the beginning of 2007.
Aramark conducts the activity in 20 countries of the world. In the company work 240 thousand persons. Aramark carries out deliveries of food stuffs in hospitals, schools and on stadiums, informs Associated Press.

Today I’d like to finish the story about Saint-Petersburg Stock exchange…
Kinds of the securities presented at the Saint-Petersburg Stock exchange.
The Share market has been presented in 1830 by:
- the state and city bonded loans which shared on short-term (till 1 year), long-term and termless (the original rent)
- continuously profitable, basically denominations in 100 thousand rubles.
- mortgage sheets and bonds of ground banks and private establishments of the long-term credit;
- bonds and stocks of the private companies (stocks were issued only by the commercial enterprises, and bonds as the state and bodies of city self-management). Bonds were issued basically by denominations from 100 up to 5000 rubles, termless loans - in 100 thousand rubles. Bonds and other securities with the state guarantee could not be a subject of Exchange frauds, unlike stocks of the private companies and other securities. Last third of XIX century the most popular were stocks of private railways. The share market of 1995 differs a little:
- the state securities;
- municipal bonds and loans;
- the securities emitted by commercial bank;
- stocks and bonds of the privatized enterprises;
- securities of the private emitters created outside of process of privatization.
The following - current liabilities. They are issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in the paperless form. The purpose is repayment of debts to the enterprises - suppliers to the state orders and mutual payment between the enterprises. Current liabilities become the securities after the term specified in the global certificate of release. Face value of 1 current liability is 1 million rubles, the fixed profitableness at repayment - 40 %.
During the same period of time have appeared Bonds of the State Savings Loan. They are issued in the cash form, face value from 100 thousand up to 500 thousand rubles. Four times a year the coupon income established depending on profitableness of state credit obligations (the State Short-term Obligations) is paid. Sale is made on auctions which are spent or in the form of voice (calculations between participants), or electronic (calculations directly with depository of the Stock exchanges) the trades. A securities market of 1830
- The state and city bonded loans,
- mortgage sheets and bonds of ground banks and private establishments of the long-term credit,
- bonds and stocks of the private companies.
Stocks of private railways are most popular; a securities market in 1992:
- the state securities,
- municipal bonds and loans,
- the securities emitted by commercial bank,
- stocks and bonds of the privatized enterprises, - securities of the private emitters created outside of process of privatization. The state securities are most popular.
Legal aspects.
Initially according to “the companies and stocks” of 1836: all Operations on the stock exchange have been forbidden by Regulations about, but already there was a law on obligatory use of registered stocks. In 1893 have been entered restrictions on carrying out of operations with securities without the share broker. Books of the share broker submitted to audit of the Ministry of Finance, and its chapter could dismiss brokers for abusing, not asking on that of the consent of Exchange committee. Without the permission of financial department it was forbidden to enter securities into the quotation.
On June, 27th, 1900 at the Petersburg Stock exchange the share department, as “a department which was laid down in special conditions of activity” has been created. The department submitted to the Ministry of Finance on especial office by a credit part which began to interfere with activity of the share market.
In 1907 Rules for transactions on purchase and sale of a foreign currency, funds and stocks at the Petersburg Stock exchange have been founded. The bulletin of a share department of the Stock exchange became the official document; the rates specified in it - obligatory for all Russian empire. Brokers were sworn, represented the mortgage and for execution of the transactions concluded at their participation, answered within the limits of data to them of decrees. For the infringements noticed by officials of the Ministry of Finance, could exclude from full members and regular customers.
Nowadays members of the Stock exchange representatives of broker firms, banks, associations, and the dealers, brought a share can be. Physical persons for membership in he Stock exchange should have the certificate of the state bodies on the right of carrying out of transactions with securities. All members of the Stock exchange should correspond to qualifying requirements. By position 1997 the number of members should be not less than 20. The input on a stock exchange is limited. Members of controls, officials, employees of the Stock exchange have the right of a free admission.
 Thank you for your attention and I hope this information will be useful…:)

While I looked for different interesting information for my blog I collected many useful links for me. And I hope it would be useful for you too…
Exchanges in different countries:
Australia
Australian Stock Exchange: http://www.asx.com.au/
Sydney Futures Exchange: http://www.sfe.com.au/
Austria
Vienna Stock Exchange: http://www.vienna-stock-exchange.at/ 
Azerbaijan
Baku Stock Exchange: http://www.bse.az/

Belgium
Brussels Stock Exchange: http://www.stockexchange.be/
Belgium Options and Financial Futures Exchange: http://www.belfox.be/
NASDAQ Europe: NASDAQ Europe 
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange: http://www.bvrj.com.br/
Sao Paolo Stock Exchange: http://www.bovespa.com.br< TD>
Brazil Futures Exchange: http://www.bbf.com.br/
Commodity and Futures Exchange: http://www.bmf.com.br/ 
Canada
Toronto Stock Exchange: http://www.tse.com/
Montreal Exchange: http://www.me.org/
Vancouver Stock Exchange: http://www.vse.ca/
Winnipeg Commodity Exchange: http://www.wce.mb.ca/ 
People’s Republic of China
Peking Commodity Exchange: http://bcewww.cnfm.co.cn/
Shanghai Metal Exchange: http://www.sme.com/ 
Chile
Santiago Stock Exchange: http://www.bolsantiago.cl/ 
Czech Republic
Prague Stock Exchange: http://www.pse.cz/ 
Columbia
Occidental Stock Exchange: http://www.bolsadeoccidente.com.co/
Croatia
Zagreb Stock Exchange: http://www.zse.hr/ 
Denmark
Copenhagen Stock Exchange: http://www.xcse.dk/ 
Ecuador
Guayaquil Stock Exchange: http://www.bvg.fin.ec/ 
Estonia
Tallinn Stock Exchange: http://www.tse.ee/
Finland
Helsinki Stock Exchange: http://www.hse.fi/
Finland Option Market: http://www.som.fi/
Finland Option Exchange: http://www.foex.fi/ 
France
Paris Stock Exchange: http://www.bourse-de-paris.fr/;  http://www.nouveau-marche.fr/
International French Futures and Options Exchange: http://www.matif.fr/ 
Germany
Germany Stock Exchange: http://www.exchange.de/
Bavaria Stock Exchange: http://www.bayerischeboerse.de/
Stuttgart Stock Exchange: http://www.boerse-stuttgart.de/ 
Great Britain
London Stock Exchange: http://www.londonstockex.co.uk/
Investment Exchange Trade point: http://www.tradepoint.co.uk/
International Petroleum Exchange: http://www.ipe.uk.com/
London International Financial Futures Exchange: http://www.liffe.com/
London Metal Exchange: http://www.lme.co.uk/ 
Greece
Athens Stock exchange: http://www.ase.gr/ Hong-Kong
Hong-Kong Stock Exchange: http://www.sehk.com.hk/
Hong-Kong Futures Exchange: http://www.hkfe.com/
Hungary
Budapest Stock exchange: http://www.bce-bat.com/ 
India
Indian National Stock Exchange: http://www.nseindia.com/ Indonesia
Jakarta Stock Exchange: http://www.jsx.co.id/
Surabaja Stock Exchange: http://www.bes.co.id/ 
Iran
Teheran Stock Exchange: http://www.neda.net/tse 
Israel
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange: http://www.tase.co.il/ 
Italy
Italy Stock Exchange: http://www.borsaitalia.it/
Italian derivatives market: http://www.borsaitalia.it/
Jamaica 
Jamaica Stock Exchange: http://www.jamstockex.com/ 
Japan
Tokyo Stock Exchange: http://www.tse.or.jp/
Osaka Stock Exchange: http://www.ose.or.jp/
Nagoya Stock Exchange: http://www.nse.or.jp/
Tokyo International Financial Futures Exchange: http://www.tiffe.or.jp/jpn.html
Tokyo Grain Exchange: http://www.tge.or.jp/
Latvia
Riga Stock Exchange: http://www.lanet.lv/business/rfb 
Luxemburg
Luxemburg stock Exchange: http://www.bourse.lu/ 
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange: http://www.klse.com.my/ 
Mexico
Mexico Stock Exchange: http://www.bmv.com.mx/ 
Namibia
Namibia Stock Exchange: http://www.nse.com.na/
New Zealand
New Zealand Stock Exchange: http://www.nzse.co.nz/
New Zealand Futures and Options Exchange: http://www.nzfoe.co.nz/ 
Nigeria
Nigeria Stock Exchange: http://www.mbendi.co.za/exng.htm 
Norway
Oslo Stock Exchange: http://www.ose.no/
Paraguay
Asuncion Stock Exchange: http://www.pla.net.py/bvpasa 
Peru
Lima Stock Exchange: http://www.bvl.com.pe/ 
Poland
Warsaw Stock Exchange: http://www.wse.com.pl/ 
Portugal
Lisbon Stock Exchange: http://www.bvl.pt/ 
Republic of Korea
Korea Stock Exchange: http://www.kse.or.kr/ 
Republic of South Africa
Johannesburg Stock Exchange: http://www.jse.co.za/
South-African Futures Exchange: http://www.safex.co.za/ 
Russia
Russian Exchange: http://www.re.ru/
Russian Trade System: http://www.rtsnet.ru/
Siberia Stock Exchange: http://www.sse.nsk.su/
Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange: http://www.spbex.ru/
Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX): http://www.micex.ru/
Saint Petersburg Futures Exchange: http://www.futures.ru/ 
Singapore
Singapore Stock Exchange: http://www.ses.com.sg/
Singapore International Monetary Exchange: http://www.simex.com.sg/
Singapore Commodity Exchange: http://www.sicom.com.sg/ 
Slovakia
Bratislava Stock Exchange: http://www.bsse.sk/ 
Slovenia
Lublin Stock Exchange: http://www.ljse.si/
Lublin Commodity Exchange: http://www.eunet.si/commercial/bbl/bbl-ein.html 
Spain
Madrid Stock Exchange: http://www.bolsamadrid.es/
Barcelona Stock Exchange: http://www.borsabcn.es/
Bilbao Stock Exchange: http://www.bizkaia.net/Bizkaia/English/General_information/Economy/I3EBOLSA.HTM
Spanish Futures Exchange: http://www.meff.es/
Spanish Options Exchange: http://www.meffrv.es/
Valencia citrus and commodity futures market: http://drac.medusa.es/fcm/index.htm 
Sri Lanka
Colombo Stock Exchange: http://www.lanka.net/cse 
Sweden
Stockholm Stock Exchange: http://www.xsse.se/ 
Switzerland
Switzerland Exchange: http://www.bourse.ch/
Switzerland Financial Future and Options Exchange: http://www.bourse.ch/ 
Taiwan
Taiwan Stock Exchange: http://www.tse.com.tw/ 
Thailand
Thailand Stock Exchange: http://www.set.or.th/ 
The Netherlands
Amsterdam Exchange: http://www.aex.nl/
Association of options traders: http://www.otc.nl/
The USA
New-York Stock Exchange: http://www.nyse.com/
Stock Market NASDAQ: http://www.nasdaq.com/, http://www.nasd.com/
American Stock Exchange: http://www.amex.com/
Boston Stock Exchange: http://www.bostonstock.com/
Chicago Stock Exchange: http://www.chicagostockex.com/
Philadelphia Stock Exchange: http://www.phlx.com/
Coffee, Sugar and Cacao Exchange: http://www.csce.com/
Kansas City Trading Floor: http://www.kcbt.com/
MidAmerica Commodity Exchange: http://www.cbot.com/
Minneapolis Grain Market: http://www.mgex.com/
New-York Cotton Exchange: http://www.nyce.com/
New-York Merchant Exchange: http://www.nymex.com/
Turkey
Istanbul Stock Exchange: http://www.ise.org/
Venezuela
Caracas Stock Exchange: http://www.caracasstock.com/ 
Financial portals: 
http://www.cbsmarketwatch.com/ –on-line news, comments, results of trading, calendars, statistics.
biz.yahoo.com – the first portal in the financial sphere.
http://www.cnnfn.com/ – the quantity or information isn’t less as at the previous portals, but here are emphasized the main news.
Financial news:
http://www.bloomberg.com/ – unexcelled on-line news.
http://www.cnnfn.com/, http://www.cbsmarketwatch.com/, http://www.reuters.com/, http://www.ft.com/ – news of world agencies.
http://www.forexnews.com/ – news, comments, analysis of market, etc.
Financial institutions:
http://www.wcoomd.org/ – exact information  about all international economic and financial and credit organizations.
Quotations and graphics:
http://www.quote.com/ – real quotations of American stocks of all trading floor 10 minutes delayed.
http://www2.barchart.com/default.asp - a lot of quotations and graphics, analysis, comments and much other useful information.
http://www.saavycharts.com/ – great daily technical analysis of NASDAQ
Investments games:
http://www.etrade.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic+gamestartpage – tournament of traders from E*Trade (real quotations 15 minutes delayed).
http://www.nasd.com/HeadTrader/head_trader.htm – imitation of work of market maker at NASDAQ.
http://contest.finance.yahoo.com/t1– Investment Challenge from Yahoo Finace (real quotations 15 minutes delayed).
http://www.virtualstockexchange.com/ – the same as the previous, but you have a choice to organize   your own tournament.
Others useful links:
http://www.americanbulls.com/ - commentary and data for all the securities in the North American stock markets.
http://www.mumbaibull.com/ - tips on investing in stock markets.
http://stockmarketonline.info/ – a good site if you want to invest your money online.
http://www.canadian-stocks.com/ - online financial resource about Canada.
http://www.quotelf.com/ - free historical stock, mutual funds daily quotes for US and Canadian markets.
http://www.valuenotes.com/asps/Fundas.Asp?Cat=F - finance, investments, investing company India, and much other information.
http://www.valuenotes.com/asps/marketalk.Asp?Cat=T - Indian stock markets index, finance business regulations, investors, derivatives, etc.
http://www.worldwidese.com/ - selected stock markets around the world.
http://www.stock-money-maker.com/ – here you can buy and sell stocks on a quantitative approach that has been back tested on a 20 year period.
http://www.angelfire.com/or/stocks/ - here you can find all of the strategies, insider tips, and trading philosophies necessary to conduct online trading successfully.
http://www.futurestech.com/default.htm - analysis of livestock, financial and equity futures markets…
http://www.investtrek.com/ - all useful resources to research and find information on stocks and mutual funds.
http://www.stockcharts.com/ - graphics and analysis of the major markets and sectors.
http://www.geocities.com/rodeodrive/mall/3087/ - stock market quotes, investments, trading, stock picks…
http://www.picapital.com.my/ - analysis and evaluation of stock…
http://www.metamarkets.com/ - discussing stocks, mutual funds, and investment strategy.
http://www.fun-e.com/ - a good laugh after a hard day dealing and trading on the stocks and equities markets.
http://www.concentric.net/~L77280r/DIARYHDG.HTM - a free Speculators Diary shows the investor / speculator…
http://www.stockmaven.net/ - stock research center, real time quotes and news, live financial markets data, research tools to evaluate and track stocks of publicly held…
http://www.ibchannel.com/channels/marketresearch/ - the markets and market mechanics, investment approaches, valuation techniques…
Also I want to propose such links as:
1) Day Trading
http://www.swingtrades.com/
http://www.absolutedaytrader.com/
http://www.rookiedaytrader.com/
http://www.daytraderfutures.com/
http://www.daytraderfutures.com/
2) Penny Stocks
http://www.daytraderfutures.com/
http://www.daytraderfutures.com/
http://www.pennystocks.net/
http://pennystockinsider.com/
3) General Investing
http://pennystockinsider.com/
http://www.investopedia.com/
http://www.investing-strategies.com/
http://www.investorguide.com/
 If you have others links you are welcome…:)

Trading stock begins with an investor placing an order, which is informing the stockbroker as to what stock and how much he wants the broker to buy or sell. An order to buy or sell stock at the best possible price at the present time is called a market order. The broker conveys the order to an exchange member on the trading floor, who attempts to get a better price for the buyer by offering a little less. For example, the broker might offer 47 1/8 ($47.12.5) for the stock with a current price of 47 1/4 and see if someone will sell at this price. If the investor were selling, the broker would attempt to get a slightly higher price by offer
say, 47 3/8.
The final sale will then be electronically relayed to the bro¬ker who placed the order.
The investor might also place a limit order, which specifies the highest or lowest price at which the broker may buy or sell. If the investor can’t be accommodated immediately, the broker places the order in a sales book and then tries again in order of priority. If an investor wants to keep the order on the books he can issue an open order that instructs the broker to leave the order on the books until it is executed or canceled.
Sometimes the investor might give a discretionary order, which allows the broker to exercise judgment in making money. The investor leaves it up to the broker to decide when and at what price to buy or sell.
An odd lot is any number of shares less than 100. One hun¬dred shares comprise a round lot. Brokers usually trade shares in lots, odd lots being combined with a series of other small orders to forma round lot. A purchase of 10,000 shares is some¬times called a block sale.
In addition to the price of the stock, the investor pays the broker a commission for buying or selling the securities.
Sometimes investors pay less than the full amount when they buy stock. This is called margin trading. The FRS determines the minimum margin required. In recent years the stock margin has been approximately 50 percent. Fearing that the investor might sell the stock and abscond with the funds, the broker keeps stock certificates of margin accounts at the brokerage as collat¬eral. If the stocks were to plummet, the broker would call the investor and request that he put up more money or have the stock sold.
Active buyers of stock are called bulls. They believe that the prices of stocks are going to rise. During the mid 1980s, the US witnessed a very long bull market. At the 1987 crash even bulls became bears. A bear is an investor who makes a profit when the prices are going to fall. Selling short is a high-risk strategy which bears use in order to do that. They sell borrowed stock in the hope of later buying it on the open market at a lower price. Options are contracts that allow an investor to either buy or sell a security at a predetermined price within a certain time. Depending on the investor’s expectations, he may buy a put option or a call option. A put option grants the owner the right to sell a security. Believing that the price of certain shares will drop over some period of time an investor might buy an option and benefit from selling the shares at the option price to the person who sold the options. A call option grants its owner the right to buy a certain amount of stock at a predetermined price within a fixed period of time.

Investor… We use this word quite often. But what does it mean?..
Investors may be organizations or individuals. Organizations as institutional investors buy securities with their funds or funds held in trust for others. Major institutional investors are insur¬ance companies, pension funds and universities. Insurance com¬panies make their investments generate profits and funds for paying future insurance claims. A pension fund wants to make money on its investments so that it can pay off pensioners.
The other types of investors are individuals who trade secu¬rities for their own accounts. The majority of personal investors have rather small stock portfolios usually valued at less than $50,000. They often use these funds for major purchases such as a home, retirement income, or as a source of cash in case of emergency.
The objectives of investors can be identified in terms of speculation, growth, and income.
Some investors set an objective of achieving big payoffs. They engage in speculation, or assuming large risks in the hope of large returns. One of the ways to speculate is to buy “penny stock”. It is highly speculative stock that sells at less than $5. A $1 stock that is in high demand may rapidly run up to $3 thus tripling the initial investment. “Penny stock” is typically a share in new ventures.
More investors are interested in long-term growth in the value of their investment. They tend to prefer the so-called blue chip stocks of large, high quality companies such as IBM, General Motors, and American Express. The dividend for blue chip stocks is rather low because these firms reinvest much of their profits in research in order to remain competitive.
Some investors seek income. They are interested in a stock’s yield, which is the percentage return from stock dividends. Utility stocks provide the highest regular yields because they have minimal risk. The investors take risk only within certain limits. Common stock is less safe than preferred stock because preferred stock¬holders receive dividends before they are paid to the common stockholders. In the case of common stock, utilities are safer than high tech stock. The safest type of securities is government bond because the government backs it.

Equity market is a great part of financial market, that’s why it’s very important to understand what does mean the term financial market.
Financial markets provide a forum in which suppliers of funds and demanders of loans and investments can transact business directly. Whereas the loans and investments of institutions are made without the direct knowledge of the supplier of funds (savers), suppliers in the financial markets know where their funds are being lent or invested. The two key financial markets are the money market and the capital market. Transactions in short-term debt instruments, or marketable securities, take place in the money market. Long-term securities (bonds, stocks, etc.) are traded in the capital market.
The money market is created by a financial relationship between suppliers and demanders of short-terms funds, which have the maturities of one year or less. The money market exist because certain individuals, businesses, governments and financial institutions have temporarily idle funds that they wish to put in some type of liquid assets or short-term, interest-earning instruments. At the same time, other individuals, business, governments and financial institutions find themselves in need of seasonal or temporary financing. The money market thus brings together this suppliers and demanders of short-term liquid funds.
The capital market is a financial relationship created by a number of institutions and arrangements that allows the suppliers and demanders of long-term funds – funds with maturities of more than one year – to make transactions. The backbone of the capital market is formed by the securities exchanges that provide a forum for debt and equity transactions. Major securities traded in the capital market include bonds and both common and preferred stock.
All securities, whether in the money or capital markets, are initially issued in the primary market. This is the only market in which the corporate or government issuer is directly involved in the transaction and receives direct benefit from the issue – that is, the company actually receives the proceeds from the sale of securities. Once the security begins trade among individuals, businesses, governments or financial institutions, savers and investors, they become part of the secondary market. The primary market is the one in which “new” securities are sold; the secondary market can be viewed as an “issued” or “preowned” securities market.
During the last two decades the Euromarket – which provides for borrowing and lending currencies outside their country of origin – has grown quite rapidly. The Euromarket provides multinational companies with an “external” opportunity to borrow or lend funds with the additional feature or less government regulation.

The capital of a business consists of the funds used to start and run the business. The funds can be either the owner’s (equity capital) or creditor’s (debt capital). Equity capital consists of those funds provided to the business by the owner’s. These funds come from the personal savings of the owner. Debt capital consists of borrowed funds that the business owner owes to the lender. With debt capital the entrepreneur doesn’t have to share ownership, but has a legal obligation to repay the borrowed money (principal) plus interest at a future date even if the business does not make profit.
Equity financing (obtaining owner funds) can be exemplified by the sale of corporate stock. In this type of transaction, the corporation sells units of ownership known as shares of stock. Each share entitles purchaser to a certain amount of ownership. For example, if someone buys 100 shares of stock from Ford Motor Company, that person has purchased 100 shares worth of Ford resources, materials, plants, production and profits. The person purchases shares of stock is known as stockholder or shareholder.
All corporations, regardless of their size, receive their starting capital from issuing and selling shares of stock. The initial sales involve some risk on the part of the buyers because corporation has no record of performance. If the corporation is successful, the stockholder may profit through increased valuation of the shares of stock, as well as by receiving dividends. Dividends are proportional amounts of profit usually paid quarterly to stockholders. However, if the corporation is not successful, the stockholder may take losses on the initial stock investment.
Often equity financing does not provide the corporation with enough capital and it must turn to debt financing, or borrowing funds. One example of debts financing is the sale of corporate bonds. In this type of agreement, the corporation borrows money from investor in return for bond. The bond has maturity date, a deadline when the corporation must repay all of the money it has borrowed. The corporation must also make periodic interest payment to the bondholder during the time the money is borrowed. If these obligations are not met, the corporation can be forced to sell its assets in order to make payments to the bondholders.
So the investments in bonds are less profitable, but at the same time less risky for investor. Although for issuer is more preferably to obtain capital through issuing shares of stock.
All businesses need financial support. Equity financing (as in the sale of stock) and debt financing (as in the sale of bonds) provide important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.

This page is generated by Wpkeys plugin